My Own Personal And Theoretical Understanding Education Essay

The greatest advancement so far must be my dread of English as an extra phonetic correspondence, non simply did I use to trust EAL students were segment of the Particular Educational Needs and Disabilities gauges, I ever use to see understudies with EAL as a hindrance, asking myself requests like, How might I show signs of improvement of the etymological correspondence boundary? Causing myself to accept that EAL understudies are lower capacity inside all themes, however this is non the occurrence. A few teachers have little or no fear of a child ‘s requests that does non hold English as their first semantic correspondence. In some cases this insufficiency of dread and conveying among understudy and educator can decelerate down the students ‘ progression. Regardless of whether the child is viewed as one of the adherents: an Asylum-Seeker, Refugee, Isolated Learner, Sojourner, Bilingual or just new to English, each child undertakings. EAL training technique is intended to help run into the etymological correspondence and larning requests of students who have English as an extra phonetic correspondence. Effective EAL researchers will ordinarily hold a decent misgiving and a valuation for their ain first phonetic correspondence, so while larning English they can build up their jargon in their first semantic correspondence. All together for a student to grow intellectually and semantically, they have to hold the opportunity to talk and create inside the English phonetic correspondence from an early period of an exercise, helping them to go progressively witting of their new etymological correspondence, this is other than a decent way to quantify the understudy ‘s requests, having the option to see where they need greater turn of events. Understudy ‘s larning EAL need relevant help so as to do feeling of new data and the new semantic correspondence ; this can be created through visual signals, helping the EAL student to procure to footings with the endeavors introduced to them however their cognizance of English is restricted. Standard five ‘Adapt figuring out how to respond to the qualities and requests of all understudies ‘ from the Teachers ‘ Standards territories ; ‘Have an away from of the requests everything being equal, incorporating those with specific instructive requests ; those of high capacity ; those with English as extra phonetic correspondence ; those with disablements ; and have the option to use and measure average guidance assaults to arraign and back up them. ‘ ( DfE, 2012:8 ) Subsequent to perusing and re-perusing the Teachers ‘ Standards and taking this development of Standard five on board I have come to pick up, that so as to learn EAL understudies you must be eager to larn to learn. No issue where you are inside your picking up calling you need to larn from the children inside you classification. Jim Cummins built up a model, which shows how fundamental relational imparting achievements ( BIC ) and psychological scholastic etymological correspondence capability ( CALP ) can be created through arranging and guidance. The model is useful to put and create fitting endeavors for various students inside various classes. In spite of the fact that it its accept that students should be working from the high psychological interest and high relevant help quarter-circle, Conteh clarified the quarter-hovers in Cummins ‘ chart as the devotees ; ‘Beginning with setting installed exercises and a little bit at a time voyaging, with talk and activity, towards less implanted exercises implies that children are ne'er left without help, and at a similar clasp are being urged to head out to the new perception which is the object of the movement. ‘ ( J.Conteh 2006:11 ) In the wake of thinking about the point that Conteh made about how the model in a general sense assists with developing upon the student ‘s English insight, through down to earth exercises and a collections of encounters inside the schoolroom. The best way to help with a students ‘ insight is through verbal imparting. Carrying me to submergences versus bilingualism, BIC and CALP are both expected to help back up a students larning and understanding. In spite of the fact that bilingualism is acceptable to pass on between the equivalent etymological correspondence and you can occur out increasingly about this understudy inside their ain worry of their first semantic correspondence, submergence will help a student grow faster. By proficiently tossing a student into the profound terminal with a gathering of understudies who just have English as their first phonetic correspondence the child is so compelled to pass on with these understudies helping come oning with verbal impar ting, this can other than help with etymological correspondence achievements through composed bits of work as the understudy is larning from rises to who are the best educators to understudies who are EAL. ‘Have high viewpoints of conduct, and set up a model for subject with an extent of plans, using congrats, faces and wages methodicallly and sensibly ‘ ( DfE, 2012:8 ) Focusing on standard seven of the Teachers ‘ Standards, conduct is all the clasp non just contesting. When asking myself what conduct was all I had in my mind were the students who are questioning. Coming to pick up that conduct is non just the individuals who like to question an educator, however it is other than the individuals who push to win as referenced before conduct is all the clasp. Inside any school numerous understudies will move in any case, inside various scenes and with various educators. A few understudies do non like adjustment, so a modification to a standard business as usual can take to a change in conduct ; this other than happens when a student is confronted with an alternate educator to the 1 they are utilized to. Numerous educators and understudies have a typical outcome on one and other, when distinguishing a student ‘s conduct nearby the perception of the teacher, there was an immediate nexus that you can see that it was each piece a lot of the teacher ‘s conduct that added to the episode that go on inside the class, regardless of whether activated by an awful twenty-four hours or the highlights of that particular teacher. In spite of the fact that aspiring conduct is the central deterrent to raising achievement, pull offing conduct emphatically can travel a long way towards cut bringing down accentuation degrees among staff and understudies, which assists with empowering a sheltered obtaining condition. When administering a student ‘s conduct I have come to pick up that you need to take into history numerous aspects that each child is extraordinary, they all originate from various foundations, with various degrees of cultural and passionate turn of events. Building up a relationship with all the students inside a classification is the way in to a glad situation. Amy Demorest, 2005 clarifies Burrhus Skinner ‘s hypothesis each piece conduct similar to a way to stay away from punishment yet to win in achieving compensation, accepting that punishment was counterproductive. When taking this hypothesis with me onto my ongoing example, it came to demo that Skinner ‘s hypothesis was correct. Understudy ‘s will move unfortunate behavior yet one time the teacher has offered and debut for good conduct the student consequently stops, since they know at the terminal of the twenty-four hours they are being remunerated for something they would gain into issue for. Despite the fact that this hypothesis accompanies focal points, after a bit of the student being offered a wages in topographic purpose of bad conduct the understudy will in a matter of seconds change their ways and be insightful they no longer need to climb so as to have congrats and a wages. Going an educator is exceptionally fulfilling, yet it is making a trip to take tonss of work, clasp and thought on my bit. Arranging, cut heading and organization play a basic capacity in pull offing a schoolroom. So as to pull off a schoolroom, I will require to hold viable standpoints, make use of the assets accessible to me and hold great clasp bearing. Providing a bunch of work inside the schoolroom is of import to flexibly a cluster of commitment for the understudies, this will ensure that students are engaged and energetic inside the classification. Having a lot of schoolroom guidelines and modus operandis will help set up socialization inside the schoolroom, building up rules that must be followed inside the classification condition. In spite of the fact that guidelines and modus operandis are exceptionally extraordinary, let go of the all-encompassing standards by which your classification is fun, these guidelines inside the classification characterize the ethos of the schoolroom, they have to decidedly portray pined for conduct and properties and in the drawn out help the understudies creating self-guideline of their conduct and heading. Though modus operandis are the way explicit end eavors should be done, so as to ensure a sheltered and deliberate obtaining condition. Solidly pull offing a schoolroom is of import to hold the class spread out and masterminded in a way that makes larning simpler. The format will hold an effect on the way you instruct and the way the understudies learn. For every exercise it is unreasonable to venture to every part of the schoolroom unit of ammo, so procuring a format that can be utilized for all subjects is the key. It is basic to see all the understudies ‘ countenances, and you other than need to ensure they can see you and the synergistic white board or some other asset you are using inside the classification. There are a clump of manners by which a schoolroom can be spread out and composed yet it ‘s the 1 that suits the educator best. So for me it will be about test and misstep as this is the solitary way you realize what suits you. Regardless of whether it is: the horseshoe, a circle, columns or sitting in capacity gatherings or well disposed relationship gatherings, there are ace ‘s and con ‘s to all these siting understandings. The solitary way to perceive what will suit non simply myself however my class is to look for every way until I have discovered the perf

Household Waste! :: essays research papers

Family unit Waste!      One morning my mother said "Andy, get up and clean the bathroom!" It was continuously a basic and significant work to the family. I got up and assembled all the ordinary cleaning operators we utilized; Ajax, alkali, and this fluid fade that my mother said did some incredible things. The can I cleaned utilizing the Ajax the sink I cleaned utilizing the Ajax there appeared to be no requirement for the other two. At that point I saw it-the bath, AH! There was a ring around the bath that I knew would be hard to wipe off. I chose to include the alkali I scoured at the ring yet it was not falling off. I at that point checked out deduction what to do†¦      "The Bleach!" I yelled so anyone might hear. And afterward - it hit me, my mother's hand.      "Never, Never, Never, use Bleach with smelling salts. Infact don't blend any synthetic substances with one another."      This is a brilliant case of regular missteps individuals make when managing with family unit synthetic compounds/cleaners. In this task I will analyze extraordinary cleaners generally utilized in my home. I Ajax      I go to the cabinet and discover a jar of the powder, Ajax. The can use to have a bit of tape to cover the top yet now it has been lost; a potential issue. The can has a lapse date on it, 9/98. This termination date might be off base since that bit of tape to cover it has been lost for quite a while. II Windex      In the pantry in the upstairs restroom is the place we keep the Windex. The Windex is blue and unmistakably named, with zero chance of any individual mixing up it for something different. The top part is firmly screwed on with Windex filled to  ¾ of the first volume. I can't discover any lapse date, nor would i be able to discover any indication there ever was one. I should contact the item merchant to check whether the Windex is godlike for sure. III Vinegar      I go to the kitchen pantry and discover vinegar. Vinegar is the thing that we use to mop our tile floor with. The vinegar has a "Easy flip-off cap!" and is about half of what it initially was. This as well, has no proof of a lapse date. I don't think I have to contact the thing merchant since it's just vinegar. IV Formula 409      Next to the Ajax in our "Cleaner-Cupboard" we convey Formula 409, the perfect for kitchen tidy up. It is plainly marked with no possibility for

The Odyssey Study Guide

The Odyssey Study Guide The Odyssey is an epic sonnet credited to the old Greek writer Homer. In all likelihood formed in the late eighth century B.C.E., it is the second-most established known work in Western writing. (The most established realized work is Homers Iliad, for which The Odyssey is viewed as a spin-off.) The Odyssey initially showed up in English in the seventeenth century and has been interpreted in excess of multiple times. A large number of the words and expressions utilized by Homer are available to a wide scope of understanding, causing not-unimportant contrasts between interpretations. Quick Facts: The Odyssey Title: The OdysseyAuthor: HomerDate Published: Composed during the eighth century B.C.E.Type of Work: PoemGenre: Epic Original Language: Ancient GreekThemes: Spiritual development, shrewd versus quality, request versus disorderMajor Characters: Odysseus, Penelope, Telemachus, Athena, Zeus, Poseidon, CalypsoNotable Adaptations: Ulysses by Lord Tennyson (1833), Ithaka by C.P. Cavafy (1911), Ulysses by James Joyce (1922) Plot Summary Toward the beginning of The Odyssey, the creator tends to the Muse, getting some information about Odysseus, the legend who invested more energy venturing out back to his Greek home than some other Greek saint at the Trojan War. Odysseus has been kept hostage by the goddess Calypso. Different divine beings, with the exception of Poseidon (lord of the ocean) fell compassion toward Odysseus. Poseidon loathes him since he blinded his child, Polyphemus. The goddess Athena, Odysseus’ defender, persuades her dad, Zeus, that Odysseus needs help. She camouflages herself and goes to Greece to meet with Odysseus’ child, Telemachus. Telemachus is troubled in light of the fact that his house is assailed by admirers who need to wed his mom, Penelope, and assume control over Odysseus royal position. With Athenas help, Telemachus embarks to look for his dad. He visits different veterans of the Trojan War, and one of his father’s old friends, Menelaus, reveals to him that Odysseus is being held by Calypso. Then, Calypso at long last discharges Odysseus. Odysseus sets out on a pontoon, yet the vessel is before long decimated by Poseidon, who harbors resentment against Odysseus. Odysseus swims to a close by island where he is heartily welcomed by King Alcinous and Queen Arete of the Phaeacians. There, Odysseus relates the narrative of his excursion. Odysseus clarifies that he and his buddies left Troy on twelve boats. They visited the island of the lotus-eaters and were caught by the cyclops Polyphemus, child of Poseidon. When making a departure, Odysseus blinded Polyphemus, moving Poseidons anger accordingly. Next, the men almost made it home, however were passed over course. They previously experienced a man-eater, and afterward the witch Circe, who transformed portion of Odysseus men into pigs however saved Odysseus on account of the assurance gave to him by the thoughtful divine beings. Following one year, Odysseus and his men left Circe and arrived at the edge of the world, where Odysseus called spirits for counsel and learned of the admirers living in his home. Odysseus and his men advanced past more dangers, including the Sirens, a many-headed ocean beast, and a tremendous whirlpool. Hungry, they disregarded alerts and chased the consecrated steers of the god Helios; thus, they were rebuffed with one more wreck, abandonin g Odysseus on Calypso’s island. After Odysseus recounts to his story, the Phaeacians assist Odysseus with camouflaging himself and travel home finally. After coming back to Ithaca, Odysseus meets his child Telemachus, and the two men concur that the admirers must be slaughtered. Odysseus spouse Penelope organizes a bows and arrows rivalry, which she has fixed to ensure Odysseus win. Subsequent to winning the opposition, Odysseus butchers the admirers and uncovers his actual personality, which Penelope acknowledges in the wake of getting him through one last preliminary. At long last, Athena spares Odysseus from the retribution of the dead admirers families. Significant Characters Odysseus. Odysseus, a Greek warrior, is the hero of the sonnet. His excursion home to Ithaca after the Trojan War is the essential account of the sonnet. He is a to some degree non-conventional saint, as he is known more for his shrewdness and clever than his physical quality. Telemachus. Telemachus, the child of Odysseus, was a baby when his dad left Ithaca. In the sonnet, Telemachus goes on a journey to make sense of his dads whereabouts. He at last reunites with his dad and causes him slaughter Penelopes admirers. Penelope. Penelope is the unwavering spouse of Odysseus and mother of Telemachus. Her keenness approaches that of her better half. During Odysseus 20-year nonappearance, she devises various stunts to fight off the admirers who look to wed her and addition control over Ithaca. Poseidon. Poseidon is the divine force of the ocean. He is furious with Odysseus for blinding his child, the cyclops Polyphemus, and makes different endeavors to thwart Odysseus venture home. He can be viewed as Odysseus essential foe. Athena. Athena is the goddess of sly and savvy fighting, just as the specialties (for example weaving). She favors Odysseus and his family, and she effectively helps Telemachus and exhorts Penelope. Artistic Style As an epic sonnet written in the eighth century B.C.E., The Odyssey was in all likelihood expected to be spoken, not read. It was made in an old type of Greek known as Homeric Greek, a lovely lingo explicit to idyllic organizations. The sonnet is formed in dactylic hexameter (some of the time alluded to as epic meter). The Odyssey starts in media res, beginning in the activity and giving descriptive subtleties later. The non-straight plot jumps to and fro in time. The sonnet utilizes flashbacks and sonnets inside a-sonnet to fill in these holes. Another key element of the sonnets style is the utilization of appellations: fixed expressions and descriptive words that are frequently rehashed when a characters name is referenced for example brilliant peered toward Athena. These sobriquets serve to remind the peruser about the characters most significant fundamental attributes. The sonnet is additionally eminent for its sexual governmental issues in that the plot is driven as much by the choices made by ladies all things considered by male warriors. Actually, a large number of the men in the story, similar to Odysseus and his child Telemachus, are latent and disappointed through a great part of the story. On the other hand, Penelope and Athena find a way to secure Ithaca and help Odysseus and his family. About the Author There is some contradiction about Homer’s creation of The Odysseyï » ¿. Most antiquated records allude to Homer as a visually impaired artist from Ionia, yet todays researchers accept more than one writer chipped away at what we know today as The Odyssey. Undoubtedly, there is proof that the last area of the sonnet was included a lot later than the past books. Today, most researchers acknowledge that The Odyssey is the result of a few sources that were chipped away at by a few distinct patrons. Sources â€Å"The Odyssey - Homer - Ancient Greece - Classical Literature.† Oedipus the King - Sophocles - Ancient Greece - Classical Literature, www.ancient-literature.com/greece_homer_odyssey.html.Mason, Wyatt. â€Å"The First Woman to Translate the Odyssey Into English.† The New York Times, The New York Times, 2 Nov. 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/11/02/magazine/the-primary lady to-make an interpretation of the-odyssey-into-english.html.Athens, AFP in. â€Å"Ancient Find May Be Earliest Extract of Epic Homer Poem Odyssey.† The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 10 July 2018, www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/10/most punctual concentrate of-homers-epic-sonnet odyssey-unearthed.Mackie, Chris. â€Å"Guide to the Classics: Homers Odyssey.† The Conversation, The Conversation, 15 July 2018, theconversation.com/manual for the-works of art homers-odyssey-82911.â€Å"Odyssey.† Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 13 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey#Structure.

Building information modelling - Free Essay Example

2.1 Introduction As expressed in the Egan report (1998), the UK construction industry is a significant contributor to the domestic economy in the UK that it is simply too important to be overlooked. The construction process and its success are influenced by various factors and choosing the most effective investment to improve the construction process is a very important decision. Building Information Modelling has been said to represent a paradigm that will have comprehensive benefits brought to the construction industry (Eastman, 2009b). Popov et al. (2010) claimed that the growing diversity of disciplines, professionals, tasks, events in respect of the management during design and construction stages of projects, plus the more competitive cost and more intense deadlines with higher quality expectations as well as the need for enhancing technology are the driving force of information modelling in the construction industry. Building Information Modelling, or better known as BIM is not; strictly speaking a new technology as it has been developing and used by other industry sectors since 1950s i.e. the automotive and aero plane industries. These industries have been way ahead of the AEC industry as for the past 20 years, fully utilizing the available technology for their industries (Augustsson, 2007). Subsequently, this literature review will assess and evaluate the historic and current information in respect of Building Information Modelling to enable an understanding on the past development of BIM, the benefits that it could offer to our construction projects as well as identifying the barriers entailing for the full adoption of BIM among the contractors in the UK construction industry. 2.2 What is BIM? As defined by BIMForum:- A building information model (BIM) is an object-oriented building development tool that utilizes 5-D modeling concepts, information technology and software interoperability to design, construct and operate a building project, as well as communicate its details (BIMForum, 2007). One common understanding to describe BIM is the building development tool that creates a three dimensional (3D) geometric model with computer softwares. The model then can be used to assist the design, construction and operational process and also acting as a communication tool (BIMForum 2007). Nevertheless a 3D geometric model wouldnt be sufficient to answer the demanding construction requirements at present. A BIM model contains a high level of intelligence which not just limited to a three-dimensional geometric representation of the building, (GSA, 2007) but also includes 5D modelling where the 4th dimension is referring to time element whilst the 5th dimension is referring to cost. In addition, as indicated by BIMForum (2007), there might be further development that is inclusive of procurement application which is the 6D as well as the operational applications which is the 7D. In general, a building information model is a digital representation, virtual representation of all the physical and functional characteristic of a building which also acts as a resource of information storage for the building which could be shared/used from the inception period and throughout the lifecycle of the building. 2.3 The past development and revolution of BIM Conventionally, constructing a building was merely the responsibility of the Architects and the Engineers, designing on papers and then the Contractors build it. Cyon Research (2003) stated that Construction projects have always been defined by various drawings and documents where at times might be in conflict with each other thus showing inconsistency. These inconsistencies are the typical issues that often aroused when the documents and drawings are maintained separately with different participants working on different or superseded documents. There will always be unanticipated field costs, delays and eventual lawsuits between various parties within a project team as a result of errors and omissions in paper based communication. According to Vinod Kumar (2009), the beginning of orthographic drawings and perspectives can be traced back as far as during the Renaissance era when Filippo Brunelleschi represented the plans in drawing format for Santa Maria del Fiore in Italy in order for the patrons to understand how the building would look like. Vinod Kumar (2009) further explains the evolution of systematic documentation from manual methods all the way till our presently available technology by dividing it into three phases: I phase Till early 1980s: Before 1980s the traditional way of creating design documents are through manually drawn lines representing building i.e. plans, sections, elevations and etc. II phase 1980s to Late 1990s: This was the period where major change took place from manual drafting towards computer aided drafting when computers were firstly introduce. There is more elaborated information as the complexity of buildings increased as well as more specialization in the design and construction process. Use of computers, especially for 2D drawings and reports are ground-breaking changes into the systematic Documentation. III phase Beginning of the 2K: With the buildings degree of complexity presently, the number of parties involved in the process of drawing production has also increased. In line with the development of technology there are also more introduction of more interrelated and integrated building system i.e. HVAC system, energy requirement and etc. The computer based technology has also been constantly updated to reduce errors that occur but nonetheless they are still merely the collections of manually created, non-intelligent lines and text. The diagram below shows the evolution from manual methods all the way till the introduction of new technologies. A previous study by Autodesk (2002) which correlates with Vinods statement, mentioned that in the early 1980s the Construction industry took one step forward when the architects began using PC based Computer Aided Design, CAD. It is said that the CAD system was adapted with ease by the Industry as it was initiated from the pin-bar drafting which the Industry was familiar with. Thus many construction documents and drawings were completed using CADD rather than being drafted manually on drawing boards. DWS files were then exchanged in replacement of paper drawings, from simple graphics to the information content on the building. The CAD files developed significantly, communicating the information on the building which plotted drawing couldnt. Following that Holzer (2009) also stated that in the late 70s and early 80s, CAD systems like RUCAPS was used where it operated in parametric environment enabling 2D information extracted from a 3D model. RUCAPS allowed multi user access and put f orward a new way in generating, distributing as well as retrieving building information which was different fromt he common drafting processes. Unfortunately the down side of this system was the high cost and slow speed of the system as well as its inability of producing more complex geometrical shapes. Nevertheless, some of the fundamental concept of RUCAPS can be found in the current BIM software such as Autodesks REVIT, Bentleys TRIFORMA, Gehry Techs DIGITAL PROJECT and etc. Nowadays, the use of BIM is very common within the manufacturing and aerospace industries where new products or product changes are modelled virtually for the assessment of design, performance and production. . We are also in the process of experiencing a similar revolution in the construction industry. BIM and other related technologies have emerged since the past decade and developing up till the present where they have been acknowledge as the platform for the design and construction of various projects (Shen, et.al, 2009). Nevertheless, FWCI (2009) argued that it is important to understand that BIM is not CAD+ or the Son of CAD as BIM functions in its own approach and discipline. BIM, acting as a single source entry for project team involves the process of generating, storing, managing, exchanging and sharing building information in an interoperable and reusable way. Generally a BIM system is a tool that enables users to integrate and reuse building information and domain knowledge through the lifecycle of a building Presently there are numerous BIM products on the market by various vendors. Autodesk Revit was considered as one of the leading BIM creation tools. Bentley Systems, Graphisoft, Vico software and Nementcheck are also currently very well-known in the market. They each provide various building model tools to design a building (Rosenberg 2006). With this technology, the information needed for a projects design, construction and operation are contained in a model digitally which is centralized and could be shared across all associated project stakeholders (COBRA, 2008). 2.4 Various understanding of BIM in the Industry At present there is a vast amount of information that is available in respect to the definition of premise of BIM. Holzer (2007) explained that even though the application of BIM becomes more accepted and common throughout the industry, but there has been a problem in agreeing the definition of BIM. The common definitions would be described as a method for project information management with the combination of non-geometry attributes with geometrical entities, or defined mostly by pointing out its capabilities for cost-control and to facilities management. Holzer (2007) continues to claim that because the term BIM is often used by vendors for their marketing strategies in order to promote their company software, the definition of BIM technology has become very confusing. On the other hand, Eastman et al (2008) has suggested that in order to deal with this confusion it is useful to describe modelling solutions that do not utilize BIM technology. This includes tools that create models containing only 3D data with no object attributes, models that do not utilize parametric intelligence, models composed of multiple 2D CAD reference files that must be combined to define the building as well as models that allow changes to dimensions in one view that are not automatically reflected in other views. Furthermore, another popular talk about issue within the industry is the multi dimension product models, the ability of BIM to provide multi dimensional application. (GSA 2007) has stated that 4D models represent 3D models plus time which include project phasing, construction scheduling whilst 5D models incorporate the costs elements. Nonetheless, Lee (2005) has identified the additional numbering of the dimension as nD modelling. Lee stated that nD modelling is an extension of the building information model that incorporates multi-aspects of design information required at each stage of the lifecycle of a building facility. On the other hand, in the year 2006, The Associated General Contractors of America (AGC) also published The Contractors Guide to BIM which touched on the issue in respect of the continuing usage of the numbering i.e. 6D, 7D, and etc has therefore acknowledged the extended application of the 3D tool as XD (AGC, 2006). This research is mainly focusing on the 3D mode ls with incorporation of time (4D) and cost (5D) elements. 2.5 Benefits of BIM There are many obvious benefits that BIM could offer to various parties including the owners, planners, engineers, estimators, designers and etc. It is understood that different stakeholders would value BIM differently. They may share the same information but have different responsibilities and uses on the model. From a Contractors perspective, BIM brings essential value for enabling virtual construction of the structure within a single source file (Hardin, 2009). As quoted from the BIM 2009 Smart Report, A model is Worth a Thousand Drawings. Contractors are making use of the intelligent model for assisting them with various activities i.e. planning construction sequences, cost estimations and bidding, conflict resolution and visualization project demonstration for client and etc (Neeley, 2010). The incorporation of intelligent data improves the models construction and post-construction realities, which also enables the contractor to get closer to the world of the designer (Sage soft ware 2008). The initial literature review has showed that costs are significantly reduced, time is saved and the quality improved. 2.5.1 Single source Model In conventional process, the Project Manager reviews the updated drawings and reflects any changes onto the schedule as the design progress. Many times the same information is entered into different program. Every repetition increases the probability of inconsistency and error occurrence. BIM on the other hand allow direct changes applied to the single model. As both designers and contractors have access to the model simultaneously, this corresponding process also enables them to reduce lead times which normally take place throughout the period of sending back-and-forth the documents. The collaborative environment contributes to a substantial time saving during pre construction. Extra coordination checks are also unnecessary because the information generated from the model will lead to fewer errors on site which normally is caused by inaccurate and uncoordinated information. In the case of any last minute design changes, addendums, clarifications and etc it could be altered and updat ed to the model automatically across the project team, from early design through completion (Hardin, 2009). These ensure that all parties are working with the latest information. With all the information contained within the BIM database it will definitely increase the efficiency between the Architect, Engineer as well as the Contractors. 2.5.2 The 3D Visualization Clash Detection The 3D visualisation capability of BIM models can be of great benefit as a means of testifying the workability and demonstrating aspects of the construction itself such as construction sequencing, logistics, access, storage and security (C3 System 2009). BIM allows for building twice which offers various benefits like improvement in Constructability, maintainability, cost estimate accuracy and etc. This reduces ambiguities before commencement of actual construction (Robert, 2005). The construction issues for layperson or non layperson are also made easier to understand as the 3D visualisation helps them to understand any constraints that the client had not made clear earlier, or were misunderstood (Furneaux and Kivits 2008). One of the major benefits which BIM could provide for contractors is clash detection. As identified by FWIC (2009), a hard clash is where more than one object is being designed to occupy the same space whilst a soft clash is where the objects in the design is too close to each other that there is no space for access or construction, or are too close that they have violated the building codes. The BIM system automatically detects and manages interferences which prevent possible delay or additional cost. The system could be set to run the check either the entire model or between certain parts of the model. 2.5.3 Construction Phasing (4D Simulation) Furthermore, one of the obvious BIM applications for improved time efficiency is construction planning. Hardin (2008) argued that the construction planning is one of the most important tasks and also one of the driving factors that determine the success of any projects. It is noted by Eastman et al (2008b) that Construction Planning and scheduling involves sequencing activities in space and time, procurement consideration, resources, spatial restrictions and etc. BIM is said to contribute in project planning solutions via the use of 4D simulation. Napier (2009) claimed that the conventional scheduling methods are labour intensive and is not easily understood by laypersons. BIM enables better communication and understanding how the schedule would impact site logistics as a result of the 4D construction phasing/planning tools that incorporate direct links to the design model, capturing spatial information which the traditional Gantt chart is unable to demonstrate. The 4D model incorpor ates time as added 4th dimension which enables the planner to visually plan and sequencing of construction activities with space and time consideration. Also, there might be specific materials and products selected from a potential range of refinements and substitutions that meet the project specification but may result in changes to some aspects of the design. As Neeley (2010) have stated, with the allowance of what ifs, a significant of cost, project risks and unnecessary waste could be saved by shifting the try-and-error process from construction site to the virtual environment on beforehand. Resource Allocation/Reducing Waste According to Egan (1998) in Rethinking Construction, within the construction industry almost 10% of materials are wasted and 30% of construction is rework. As mentioned by Articlesbased (2009) construction projects are very often planned based on resources availability as well as other external factors. With the 4D construction phasing/planning, the team members are able to understand the scope of work and the availability of various resources in order to optimize the resources and labour accordingly. In addition, Eastman (2008b) highlights that BIM is also accurate in providing the design model and material resources required for each segment of the work, it effectively assists in utilization of critical resources like labour, material and time during the building construction life cycle. With the improved monitoring of site logistics and the progress of project, the site management via BIM fosters just-in-time (JIT) of materials, plant/equipment and labours. Pre-fabrication Accuracy of design details are critical for determining the success of pre-fabrication, and a data-rich BIM model can have a positive impact and provide greater confidence on pre-fabrication. As BIM brings clarity towards a complex project, more contractors appreciate that BIM offers the advantage of effective coordination as the complexity level of project increases. The Design to Build and Build to Design concept improves accuracy for estimation and design specification for prefabricated elements thus reducing unnecessary wastage (BIMJOURNAL 2009). With greater confidence in the coordination process, many contractors are approaching more prefabrication options to help ease schedules. (BIM Smart Report, 2009) 2.5.4 Cost Estimates/schedule management From the costing aspect, Jernigan (2008) stated one of the main benefits provided by BIM is the accuracy in cost estimate during earlier stages. Conventionally, estimators have been relying on Excel spreadsheet to carry out their construction cost estimating (Autodesk, 2007), Eastman (2009b) then revealed that BIM include features for extraction and quantification of BIM component properties. By using a building information model instead of drawings; the takeoffs, counts, and measurements can be generated directly from the underlying model and the information can be linked to generate bills of materials, size and area estimations along with other related estimating information. Therefore the information is always consistent with the design and reduces the potential for human error or misunderstanding (Autodesk, 2007). This contributes to substantial time and cost saving as well as ensuring good quality of the BOQ. BIM offers the opportunity to develop more accurate cost estimates bas ed on actual elements (Hartman and Fischer 2008). Moreover, the linked cost information evolves in step with the design changes (Ashcraft, 2008). In addition, an indirect advantage that BIM could offered is the estimator would be given more extra time to bring in more value engineering, more time for risk evaluation and to more time to find any additional cost savings as the technology has taken up most of the grunt work from the estimator (Hague, No date).Using cost attributing features of the model to assess alternative design and construction schemes to enhance and improve the value engineering process; BIM certainly contributes in supporting the Contractor to present value for money to the Client. Neeley (2010) has claimed that the use of BIM and IPD (Integrated Project Delivery) is reducing project costs around 10%- 20% below construction costs compared to non BIM/IPD projects. 2.6 Case Studies No 1: One Island East, Hong Kong One of the popular examples of the actual Building Information Modeling Project that has been mentioned by various Authors in their research is One Island East Office Tower in Hong Kong which was developed by Swire Properties Limited. Together with the project BIM consultant, Gehry Technologies (GT) they began the process of working together to create a single, 3D electronic Building Information Model (Riese, 2006). The Project Details are summarized as follow: Project name One Island East, Hong Kong, China Project scope $300 million (approximate figure) Project Scale 70 Floors with 2 basement levels Total floor area: 141,000 m2 Typical floor area: 2,270m2 Schedule Construction Period: 24 months Expected completion: March 2008 Structure Reinforced concrete Exterior Aluminum curtain wall Owner Swire Properties Limited Contractor Gammon Construction Limited Architect Wong Ouyang (HK) Ltd Structural Ove Arup Partners HK Ltd Quantity Surveyor Levett Bailey MEP subcontractor Balfour Beatty BIM Consultant Gehry Technologies BIM Technical Support MTech Engineering Co. Ltd BIM scope Design coordination, clash detection, and work sequencing 2.6.1 Background Information The One Island East is a 308 meter high skyscraper with 59 stories of office space and two basement levels. The building has 70 floors in total which comprise of a sky lobby on 37th and 38th floors (Elkem Microsilika, 2009). It was Swires intention to achieve a high-quality design while improving construction time as well as cost savings by the use of collaborative, collocated work methods and integrated 3-D modeling tools. The initial objective was to save 10 percent on the cost with reduced time for construction (Shelden et al, 2008). The software tool chosen to create the BIM for this project is Digital Project with some of the benefits stated as follows: (Riese, 2006) Has automated clash detection and management Has a complete ME system routing tool. With built-in scripting function, enabling project requirements to be integrated for customization. Automated simultaneous file versioning and file sharing. Able to handle and manipulate large amounts of data Integrated with Primavera scheduling software with high interoperability 2.6.2 BIM Implementation (Pre-tender stage) BIM commenced after the schematic design phase. The office building has been pre-designed virtually using Digital Project by assembling up to 300.000 building components in a single master file. Almost all coordination issues were resolved using BIM. The design team, BIM consultant and Project Manager worked in one room for the first year. They also communicate with each other via a portal site for the BIM process. The DP software was capable of identifying geometric clashes and generates a list automatically. There were already several clashes and errors identified and resolved before tendering and construction. The DP tool also measured most of the quantities automatically which reduced the time and effort compared to manual take off. Also, the quantities were linked to the BIM which automatically updates when changes were made. 2.6.3 BIM Implementation (Tendering Stage) The model was provided to all tenderers which enabled them to have confirmation on the bill of quantities using the model without having to measure the quantities manually. As a result, tender process improved significantly with lower cost estimates and more accurate quantity takeoffs. 2.6.4 BIM Implementation (Post Tender Stage) Gammon Construction Limited, which was the contractor awarded for the project had full responsibility for the BIM model and began the development of highly accurate and detailed 3D BIM model for construction, ensuring that all 2D information would be firstly scrutinize in the 3D prototype before it went to the site. 2.6.5 BIM Implementation (Construction) During the construction period, the BIM model became the main visualization tool for the coordination of various project elements. There were full time modelers that assisted with the clashes identification and coordination issues where the design solutions were then incorporated into the model. A few subcontractors also participated in modeling their parts of work. 4D simulation was one of the main factors for the success of the OIE project. It was used extensively for improving construction sequence and managing risk. 2.6.6 Outcome There were more than 2000 clashes and errors were identified prior to bidding and construction stage, which resulted significant cost savings. The figure below is an example of a clash that has been detected between an electrical cable tra y and an air supply duct. Without BIM it wouldnt have been detected until the actual construction taken place which might potentially cause additional cost and time to the project. According to Shen et al.(2009), the geometric coordination off the design prior to construction is thought to achieve 10% cost savings whilst construction process modeling is thought to contribute further 20% cost savings on the construction. Gammon Construction has also reported that Construction Process Modeling saved the project at least 20 days. This project was awarded the American Institute of Architects 2008 BIM award for design/delivery process innovation. 2.7 Implementing BIM and the Potential Challenges From section 2.2 above it is demonstrated that BIM has brought numerous advantages and benefits to the industry. However there are also challenges and barriers that to be overcome before the full capability of BIM could be demonstrated and subsequently fully enjoyed by the industry stakeholders (Furneaux and Kivits 2008). In the very traditional and fragmented building industry, new technologies are not easily introduced. It should be noted that when a new technology is introduced, there will be a certain period of time in which the claims about the potential of the technology needs to be examined, tested and verified particularly the AEC industry which is known for the very long adoption periods of promising technologies (May et al. 2005; Salazar et al. 2006). Even though the technology of BIM is readily available and rapidly maturing but the adoption of BIM is much slower than anticipated (Fischer Kunz, 2006). Gillis (2008) made the criticism indicating that UK appears to be a more conservative and over protective country that demands proven effectiveness before considering adoption of new technology whilst Counties such as Norway, Sweden, and US attempts to proceed with new technology without 100% confirmation (Simon Gillis, 2008). As criticised by Prather (2007), most of the time, our professional would take the wait-and-see approach towards BIM. This is echoed by Safe software (2008) stating that our industry would mostly accept BIM only when the risk level has dropped and a clear return on investment is made known to the industry. Moreover, in these recessionary times, the money to spend on technology has got to have a good business case. The current UK industry inhibitors include contracts that has not promote working in collaboration, no external incentive for innovation, no motivation for parties to seek ways to deliver a better or quicker product and etc (Steve Dunwell, 2008). 2.7.1 Installation and operation Cost Eastman (2009) has highlighted one of the barriers to adopting BIM is the cost associated with the implementation. It is said that implementing new technology like BIM requires additional cost in respect of purchasing new software and hardware packages, training as well as changing the work processes and workflows. Also, if there are no technical expertises available within the organization, there will be a need to engage with external consultants to train employees prior to applying BIM within the organization which accounts for additional cost as well (Furneaux and Kivits 2008). Corresponding to what Eastman (2009) as well as Furneaux Kivits (2008) have said, a research done by Suermann et al. (2009) revealed that the whole installation of BIM for an organization is a costly plan when done at on one occasion, and even greater when done for several installations simultaneously for different projects. In addition, Suermann et al (2009) findings showed that there has been company which have had to increase their effort and cost allowance to do BIM due to the high learning curve. Apart from that, there is also an implication for procurement policy where consideration needs to be given to the additional funding for the development of BIM models in the first instance. The large size of BIM files will involve a different system for data sharing i.e. real time access to the BIM database between firms which are geographically distant and high speed internet connectivity will be essential (Kiviniemi et al., 2008 p.64). This would constitute extra cost for the operation of BIM. Furthermore, in order to reduce the risk of data corruption, sabotage, and loss; it is important to pay any indispensable cost associated to ensure data stability and security. 2.7.2 Embracing BIM throughout the entire supply chain Another apparent factor that has caused BIM taking the back seat is lack of commitment from the higher level of the supply chain. According to Oberle (2009), the transition to BIM requires support and commitment throughout the supply chain from top to down of an organization. In addition, The Crawley Schools PFI project in West Sussex has revealed the benefits which they have gained with the implementation of BIM but simultaneously also addressed one of their main barriers in implementing BIM was the reluctance of the supply chain in embracing this new technology, stating that some conservative individuals did not believe the benefits that BIM could offer thus were hesitant to undertake this new approach (Constructing Excellence, 2010). It is also noted that some Contractors that have too much existing workload might give the excuse that they dont have enough time to try out new technology. As quoted from Dunwell (2009), Old habits die hard. Most workers are reluctant to step out from their comfort zone and believed that their current handling approaches towards their projects are better than satisfactory. Apart from that, as indicated by Owen (2009), a very significant gap between conventional process and new technology that the industry is facing at present is the dependence of 2D drawings as a means of official information correspondence. Owen explains that in order to solve this problem there will need to be a change by clients and regulatory authorities, as well as the remaining members of the supply chain. Nevertheless, this will put BIM in a challenging position, attempting to accommodate the different levels of technology adoption and competency across the various sectors within the industry especially when progressing from few leading organizations to a majority of the construction industry and its stakeholders. 2.7.3 BIM Complexity/Familiarity for Early Adopters The size and complexity of the files that BIM system create might be a big challenge for early adopters of BIM especially when dealing with complex and big scale projects where fully loaded central BIM project database management is crucial (Howell, 2009). As a result earlier users which are not familiar with BIM would tend to default back to exchanging documents rather than working from a single model (Batcheler and Howell 2005). Suermann et al (2009) have emphasized that producing 2-D plan sets using BIM will not offer any advantages over using any CAD application to perform the same function. Unfortunately, it is still not possible to entirely stop the team members from defaulting back to the conventional process i.e. sharing information via exchanging documents in pdf, dwg and etc instead of sharing intelligent objects from the model, which goes against what BIM is seeking to achieve in the first place (Batcheler and Howell 2005). Unless contractors have a means to utilized BIM t hemselves, otherwise the development of BIM will be exceptionally slow and we will limp along with incomplete integration. 2.7.4 Interoperability of BIM BIM is obviously an important subset and the intelligent objects are a key enables, but the critical ingredient for BIM is interoperability, which is the ability to interact and coordinate as a consistent representation of the same building for each of these purpose-built models. The sharing of information between the different BIM models is critical to the success of BIM (Howell, 2009). Different uses of BIM may require different software applications to utilize the model; hence BIM requires software to be interoperable (BIMForum 2007). Synchronisation issues, project management, partial model exchange and software interfaces, all requires high interoperability and would definitely appreciate further research (Kiviniemi et al. 2008 p.64). As BIM is undergoing advance development and more new tools being introduced, interoperability has become an increasingly important issue. A recent studies conducted by McGraw Hill Construction showed that eight in ten BIM users say there is a sign ificant need to improve interoperability (Young, et al., 2009). The software packages from different vendors might not always interface with each other which can lead to information exchange problems, therefore the development of BIM could possibly be hold back as a result of the diversity of software providers. In order to mitigate this issue, interoperability and connectivity issues should be agreed as early as possible (Constructing Excellence, 2010). The expectation after implementing BIM is that everyone on the project team now will adapt a uniformity of one BIM system. Nevertheless according to Howell (2009) project teams comprise a collection of different companies, each of which has their own preferred and trusted software applications for design and management of projects. The structural team may be using Tekla, the architectural model may be built using Revit, the electrical contractor may use Bentley and HVAC engineers may deploy Graphisoft. These applications do not speak directly to each other and so collaboration issue might occur (FWCI, 2009). Apart from that, Dean McClendon (2007) also stated that it wouldnt be possible for one 3-D CAD software to include all functions i.e. cost estimating program and the specification writing program. Hence, separate programs would be needed and to have access to the common database. It is very rare that single technology is being used on any one building project between different companies and/or across all phase of the project lifecycle (Howell, 2009). But the various programs developed by different companies would be an issue for interoperability that needs to be resolved. However, looking from the positive side of this issue, The Industry Foundation Classes (IFCs), developed by the International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI), has introduced rules and protocols to help resolving interoperability issues. It provides the consistency in determining how the data representing the building in the model are defined along with the agreed specification of classes of components which foster the development of a common language for the construction industry (IAI, 2004). Still, another major issue arouse from the BIM model is the technological interface between design and construction companies. In order to co-create a virtual model the programs and file formats must be compatible. All associated companies must be capable of opening and editing the BIM model. However, if the additional or altered work on virtual model is unable to be opened or edited by any of the companies across the supply chain then the implementation of BIM is said to have failed (Furneaux and Kivits 2008). 2.7.5 Legal Issues and Contractual Relationships In any construction projects, one of the most important issues that must be addressed is the contractual or legal matters associated with the projects. According to Thompson (2001), the first legal issue that needs to be considered in a project that utilizes BIM is the ownership of BIM data and how to provide protection via copyright laws. As there are multiple parties contributing proprietary information to the project hence there is no simple answer to the question of data ownership; it requires a unique response to every project depending on the participants needs. As discussed by Rosenberg (2006), licensing issues might arise if any elements of the data contained in the model are used on subsequent projects. Therefore, this issue must be properly addressed in the contract documents to prevent any possible disputes from occurring. Another issue highlighted by Miner Thomson (2006), is the person accountable for the control of the data entry into the model that would need to take up the responsibility in case of any inaccuracies. Individuals carry a huge risk taking the responsibilities to update the BIM model and ensuring its accuracy. It is noted that proper negotiation needs to be carried out in respect of the indemnities by BIM users and the offer of limited warranties as well as disclaimers of liability by designers. All these issues need to be resolved before BIM technology could be implemented. Without any proper legal documents incorporating clear and agreed scope of responsibilities, if the model turns out to be faulty at later stage, the project team will most certainly start pointing fingers to each other, shifting the liability among each other (Ashcraft 2006). This might lead to poor relationship between the engineers, architects and contractors which prevents collaborative working atmosphere. At the end of the day it is the end product (the building) that suffers from delay, poor quality, additional cost and etc. In a typical BIM contract, the three key players are the owner, the design team and the contractor. For the contractor in particular, Contracts on BIM project is important defining his ability to influence collect and share the data throughout the projects life cycle (Hardin, 2008). Nonetheless, according to Ashcraft (2008), the legal aspect for Building Information Modeling at present still fails to keep up with the development of it. The implications of BIMs have just started to be recognized and only limited solutions have been developed to address the legal issues associated with it. Lack of standard contract documents hinders development of BIM. Liability concerns have lead industry professionals, to contractually separate the building information model, hence thus stripping the greatest benefits that BIM offers. Nevertheless, there has also been a research findings which is in contracts with what previous authors have said. The BIM Smart Report have showed that the legal issues which were once one of the main concern of the users as illustrated in past studies has now slowing fading (Young et al., 2009). 3.0 Conclusion from theoretical Analysis BIM is the future but at present there is still confusion about what it is and how it should be fully utilised and implemented in order to enjoy the benefit it brings. Using its three dimensional capability to produce visualisations is becoming widespread, however, limitation of its use is not exploiting the true potential for providing information about the building and its construction. BIM must meet the needs of the users of the content of the BIM (as distinct from the users of the BIM software) and, by definition,must be totally integrated(CPIC, 2009). BIM is not just merely about purchasing and installing the softwares (Fishking et.al 2009). Eastman (2008b) criticized that many people within the industry believed that once they have purchased the software from the vendors then they are BIM-ing. But it is certainly not the case. BIM as explained by Eastman (2008b) is bout software and process. This was then further reinstate by Fishking et.al (2009) explaining that implementing BIM involves dramatic changes in the current business practices as well as cultural and behavioural transition of the industry, changing the individuals way of thinking about working in collaboration with and relating to various parties in project planning and construction (Fishking et.al 2009). Thus, investigating the challenges/barriers as identified in literature would contribute in accelerating the adoption of BIM in the industry especially for contractors. It is essential to interact with the construction industry, investigating which factor is on the d rivers seat that has the biggest impact in implementing BIM. It is also important to establish the benefits that BIM could possibly bring to the Contractors and to obtain the Contractors perception towards these three letters by comparing the primary data findings with the secondary data result, whether to reinstate or to oppose the findings from Secondary data.

Parents Of Teenagers Haven t Got It Simple - 1522 Words

Parents of teenagers haven t got it simple. Door-slamming fights over phone use and friend selection, late nights spent lying awake imagery benders or high-speed automotive chases, the futile feeling that everything you says goes in one ear and out the opposite. And the maximum amount as folks struggle, teens can attest that adolescence isn t any cakewalk for them either. What s happening throughout adolescence that turns several once-sweet children into unruly rabble-rousers? a minimum of a part of the explanation is also that adolescent brains method info otherwise than adult brains, in keeping with analysis crystal rectifier by neuropsychologist Deborah Todd-Yurgelun, PhD, of Harvard University s McLean Hospital psychological feature Neuroimaging and psychology Laboratory. She and her team square measure exploitation neuroimaging to analyze the neural underpinnings of the emotional turmoil several teens expertise. and people imaging technologies square measure revealing brain variations that might justify teenage traits that exasperate adults, together with impulsivity, poor judgment and social anxiety. Rebellious teenage behavior may stem additional from biology than stubbornness, says Yurgelun-Todd. Don t assume that as a result of you ve got ordered out the argument or given the thought that teenagers square measure deciphering it within the same means you ve got given it, she advises. The cortical area is continuous to develop, and if you do not have theShow MoreRelatedThe Movie The Band One Direction 1323 Words   |  6 PagesRudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer? It doesn t help either, that the little kid is so cute and chubby you just want to pinch his or her cheeks and talk to him or her in Barney mode. 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Inventory Management - Bullwhip Effect free essay sample

M213 OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT BULLWHIP EFFECT Bullwhip Effect †¢ Tendency of a player in the supply chain of a material or product in short supply to buy more than they need in the immediate future. †¢ Logistic phenomenon named after the way the amplitude of a whip increases down its length. Why the bullwhip effect occurs? Demand Forecasting †¢ One day, the manager of a retailer observed a larger demand (sales) than expected. †¢ He increased the inventory level because he expected more demand in the future (forecasting). The manager of his wholesaler observed more demand (some of which are not actual demand) than usual and increased his inventory. †¢ This caused more (non-real) demand to his maker; the manager of the maker increased his inventory, and so on. This is the basic reason of the bull whip effect. Bullwhip Effect †¢ Businesses must forecast demand in order to properly position inventory and other resources. †¢ Forecast are traditionally based on statistics and are rarely perfectly accurate. †¢ Because forecast errors are a given, companies often carry inventory buffer (safety stock). Demand information is distorted as it travels within the supply chain, so that different stages have different perspectives and estimates of the chain demand. Why the bullwhip effect occurs? Lead time †¢ With longer lead times, a small change in the estimate of demand variability implies a significant change in safety stock, reorder level, and thus in order quantities. †¢ Thus a longer lead time leads to an increase in variability and the bull whip effect. Why the bullwhip effect occurs? Batch Ordering When using a min-max inventory policy, then the wholesaler will observe a large order, followed by several periods of no orders, followed by another large order, and so on. †¢ The wholesaler sees a distorted and highly variable pattern of orders. †¢ Thus, batch ordering increases the bull whip effect. Why the bullwhip effect occurs? Variability of Price †¢ Retai lers (or wholesalers or makers) offer promotions and discounts at certain times or for certain quantities. †¢ Retailers (or customers) often attempt to stock up when prices are lower. †¢ It increases the variability of demands and the bull whip effect. Why the bullwhip effect occurs? Lack of supply and supply allocation †¢ When retailers suspect that a product will be in short supply, and therefore anticipate receiving supply proportional to the amount ordered (supply allocation). †¢ When the period of shortage is over, the retailer goes back to its standard orders, leading to all kinds of distortions and variations The Beer Game †¢ Role-playing simulation developed in the 1960’s at MIT’s Sloan School of Management †¢ Production and distribution of beer. – Players divide themselves into groups: Retailer, Wholesaler, Distributor, and Brewer. Weekly consumer demand simulated by a deck of cards †¢ Retailer sells from his inventory and reorders from the Wholesaler, who sells from his inventory and reorders from the Distributor, who in turn sells from his inventory and reorders from the Brewer, who finally sells from his inventory and restocks from his production. †¢ Order processing de lays; Shipping delays †¢ Inventory carrying costs; Stockout costs †¢ Players base their decisions strictly on the orders they receive from their respective buyers. Consequences of the Bullwhip Effect †¢ Lower revenues. Stockouts and backlogs mean lost sales, as customers take their business elsewhere. †¢ Higher costs. – High carrying cost – Stockout cost – Distributors need to expedite orders (at higher shipping expenses) – Manufactures need to adjust jobs (at higher setups and changeover expenses, higher labor expenses for overtime, perhaps even higher materials expenses for scarce components. ) – All entities in the supply chain must also invest heavily in outsized facilities (plants, warehouses) to handle peaks in demand, resulting in alternating under or over-utilization. Consequences of the Bullwhip Effect †¢ Worse quality. Quirky, unplanned changes in production and delivery schedules disrupt and subvert control proce sses, begetting diverse quality problems that prove costly to rectify. †¢ Poorer service. – Irregular, unpredictable production and delivery schedules also lengthen lead time, causing delay and customer dissatisfaction. Causes of Bullwhip Effect †¢ Demand variability, quality problems, strikes, plant fires, etc. †¢ Variability coupled with time delays in the transmission of information up the supply chain and time delays in manufacturing and shipping goods down the supply chain create the bullwhip effect. Causes of Bullwhip Effect 1. Overreaction to backlogs 2. Neglecting to order in an attempt to reduce inventory 3. No communication up and down the supply chain 4. No coordination up and down the supply chain 5. Delay times for information and material flow Causes of Bullwhip Effect 6. Order batching larger orders result in more variance. Order batching occurs in an effort to reduce ordering costs, to take advantage of transportation economics such as full truck load economies, and to benefit from sales incentives. Promotions often result in forward buying to benefit more from the lower prices. 7. Shortage gaming: customers order more than they need during a period of short supply, hoping that the partial shipments they receive will be sufficient. Causes of Bullwhip Effect 8. Demand forecast inaccuracies: everybody in the chain adds a certain percentage to the demand estimates. The result is no visibility of true customer demand. 9. Free return policies Countermeasures to the Bullwhip Effect Order Batching †¢ High order cost is countered with Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and computer aided ordering (CAO). – Full truck load economics are countered with third-party logistics and assorted truckloads. Random or correlated ordering is countered with regular delivery appointments. – More frequent ordering results in smaller orders and smaller variance. †¢ However, when an entity orders more often, it will not see a reduction in its own demand variance the reduction is seen by the upstream entities. †¢ Also, when an entity orders more frequently, its required safety stock may increase or decrease; see the standard loss function in the Inventory Management section. Shortage Gaming †¢ Proportional rationing schemes are countered by allocating units based on past sales. Ignorance of supply chain conditions can be addressed by sharing capacity and supply information. – Unrestricted ordering capability can be addressed by reducing the order size flexibility and implementing capacity reservations. – For example, one can reserve a fixed quantity for a given year and specify the quantity of each order shortly before it is needed, as long as the sum of the order quantities equals to the reserved quantity. Fluctuating Prices †¢ High-low pricing can be replaced with every day low prices (EDLP). Special purchase contracts can be implemented in order to specify ordering at regular intervals to better synchronize delivery and purchase. Demand Forecast Inaccuracies †¢ Lack of demand visibility can be addressed by providing access to point of sale (POS) data. †¢ Changes in pricing and trade promotions and channel initiatives, such as vendor managed inventory (VMI), coordinated forecasting and replenishment (CFAR), and continuous replenishment can significantly reduce demand variance. Free Return Policies †¢ Free return policies are not addressed easily. Often, such policies simply must be prohibited or limited. Vendor Managed Inventory Vendor Managed Inventory †¢ VMI is means of optimizing Supply Chain performance in which the manufacturer is responsible for maintaining the distributors inventory levels. †¢ The manufacturer has access to the distributors inventory data and is responsible for generating purchase orders. †¢ Under the typical business model: – When a distributor needs product, they place an order against a manufacturer. – The distributor is in total control of the timing and size of the order being placed. The distributor maintains the inventory plan. †¢ Vendor Managed Inventory model – The manufacturer receives electronic data (usually EDI or via the internet) that tells him the distributors sales and stock levels. – The manufacturer can view every item that the distributor carriers as well as true point of sale data. – The manufacturer is responsible for creating and maintaining the inventory plan. – Under VMI, the manufacturer generates the order, not the distributor. VMI does not change the â€Å"ownership† of inventory. It remains as it did prior to VMI. Vendor Managed Inventory Popularized in the late 1980s by Wal-Mart and Procter Gamble, VMI became one of the key programs in the grocery industry’s pursuit of â€Å"efficient consumer response† and the garment industry’s â€Å"quick response. † †¢ Successful VMI initiatives have been trumpeted by other companies in the United States, including Campbell Soup and Johnson Johnson, and by European firms like Barilla (the pasta manufacturer). The VMI Partnership †¢ The supplier—usually the manufacturer but sometimes a reseller or distributor—makes the main inventory replenishment decisions for the consuming organization. The supplier monitors the buyer’s inventory levels (physically or via electronic messaging) and makes periodic resupply decisions regarding order quantities, shipping, and timing. – Transactions customarily initiated by the buyer (like purchase orders) are initiated by the supplier instead. – The purchase order acknowledgment from the supplier may be the first indication that a transaction is taking place; an advance shipping notice informs the buyer of materials in transit. The manufacturer is responsible for both its own inventory and the inventory stored at is customers’ distribution centers. Benefits of Vendor Managed Inventory 1. Improved customer service. By receiving timely information directly from cash registers, suppliers can better respond to customers’ inventory needs in terms of both quantity and location. 2. Reduced demand uncertainty. By constantly monitoring customers’ inventory and demand stream, the number of large, unexpected customer orders will dwindle, or disappear altogether. Benefits of Vendor Managed Inventory 3. Reduced inventory requirements. By knowing exactly how much inventory the customer is carrying, a supplier’s own inventory requirements are reduced ince the need for excess stock to buffer against uncertainty is reduced or eliminated. 4. Reduced costs. To mitigate the up-front costs that VMI demands, Fox suggests that manufacturers reduce costs by reengineering and merging their order fulfillment and Distribution Center replenishment activities. Benefits of Vendor Managed Inventory †¢ While these are all potential b enefits of VMI, the most important ones were not cited. 1. Improved customer retention. Once a VMI system is developed and installed, it becomes extremely difficult and costly for a customer to change suppliers. 2. Reduced reliance on forecasting. With customers for whom a supplier runs VMI programs, the need to forecast their demand is eliminated. Pitfalls of Vendor Managed Inventory 1. EDI problems: Extensive EDI testing should be done to validate the data being sent. Is the distributor sending all the data that should be sent? Is each field populated with the correct data? 2. Acceptance: Make sure that all employees involved in the process fully understand and accept this new way of doing business. Its not enough to just sell the concept to senior management, all employees who are involved must be willing participants. . Promotions/Events: Anything that adds or takes away from the normal ordering pattern must be properly communicated. Pitfalls of Vendor Managed Inventory 4. Customer Base: Any large customers, either gained or lost, must be communicated to the manufacturer. The distributor must guide the manufacturer on how this will effect sales. 5. Over/Obsolete Stock: An agreement must exi st between the manufacturer and the distributor on what to do if an overstock does occur (or in the case of an ordering error). Also, both parties must agree on how to handle obsolete stock. . Time: Both parties involved must understand that this is a learning process. Errors will occur. You will probably not have a perfect process in place from day 1. Summary †¢ Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) – VMI is a continuous replenishment program in which the retailer provides the supplier with detailed information to allow the supplier to manage and replenish product at the store or warehouse level – Typically the activities of forecasting, scheduling, requisitioning and ordering are performed by the supplier. The retailer does the invoice matching and handles payment – EDI is an integral part of the VMI process Summary †¢ Benefits of VMI – – – – – Eliminating repetitive purchasing activities Lowered costs of processing claims Reduced inventory Increased inventory turns Solidified customer-vendor relationships †¢ VMI has its drawbacks when not implemented properly. Be aware of EDI problems, employee acceptance, and trust among the supply chain partners.

How to Write a My Sisters Keeper Essay Topic

How to Write a My Sister's Keeper Essay TopicIf you have been looking for a subject that you can write a My Sister's Keeper essay about, you have come to the right place. Topics for essays are usually determined by the specific interests of the author, as well as the theme.For example, you might be interested in writing about how great a movie is, or how much your parents love their family. These topics can be used in essays all year round, but only those where the main focus is on a specific topic. Many of the topics can be used in an essay throughout the year, but they might be changed around to make it flow better.I would suggest that if you are planning on writing an essay to use My Sister's Keeper, the first topic you would want to write about would be the topic of your background. This is because many people get so focused on what their parents do, they forget about the people who raised them. Knowing your parents can help you with this topic, especially if your parent took you in when you were a baby, and also let you know how they raised you.Then you might want to go ahead and write about writing your first letter. Writing your first letter to your parents can be very emotional, and it is easy to feel that you have not written a letter in awhile. Try to make it meaningful and keep in mind that these letters will be a part of your life forever. This first letter can be a part of a themed essay in your essay.A themed essay can also be about a special day that you are about to experience. For example, if you are about to experience your 18th birthday, and you have had a big year, then you can start to write a My Sister's Keeper essay about how you can look back on this year as a special one. You can also talk about the different experiences that come with being young and what you have experienced as a result of this.Finally, you can go ahead and take a topic that might be about people, and put it into a My Sister's Keeper essay to help you relate your essa y topics to the people who you are talking about. For example, if you are talking about a friend's brother, you can use the brother as the main theme, and then include other people from your circle of friends. This is another theme that can be used in a themed essay in your essay.My Sister's Keeper essay topics are often topics that can be used in other topics, or maybe even in the background of a more complex topic. Themes are great for easier essays, as long as you know what type of essay you want to write, and you know what topic you will be focusing on. There are some good ways to structure your essay, and it all depends on how you want to express yourself in your essay.So if you are looking for My Sister's Keeper essay topics to help you with your essay, or if you just want to take some themes that you have already written, then try these methods. Themes and essay topics are both something that you can use in your essay, as long as you know what type of essay you want to write.